page 11 • VGI deployment in California saves $2 - $12 billion of annual energy system costs in 2045 (1% - 5% of $240B total energy system costs). • For the same level of VGI, V2G achieves higher savings than V1G by achieving deeper reductions in distribution costs (lower peak demand) and avoiding more storage and generation costs. • Annual savings per participating vehicle in 2045 vary, with the highest per participating vehicle savings in the 20% V2G scenario (over $1,340) and the lowest in the 80% V1G scenario ($470). Savings per vehicle decline with higher VGI participation due to the reduced marginal impact per vehicle. VGI lowers costs, V2G yields the highest savings