page 30 • VGI directly competes with high-cost, long-duration storage. True-smart charging shifts demand away from periods that would have relied on long-duration storage to meet demand, and V2G is able to displace more long- duration storage. • Some amount of battery storage plays a complementary role to VGI, with high V1G scenarios adding a small amount of battery storage to enable savings from avoiding other costs. Increasing levels of V2G capabilities displaces battery storage and long-duration storage. • Increasing shares of V2G can displace the role of battery storage of discharging in the evenings on key reliability days, but it’s not economical to discharge V2G daily. • Charging flexibility from VGI changes the economic mix for renewables, trading some solar and geothermal capacity for additional wind capacity, lowering costs. • Smart charging plays a critical role in better-aligning load with the least-cost renewable mix. It should be noted that small changes in projected renewable costs could change the economic mix of renewable build. • While V1G reduces thermal and long-duration storage build, higher V2G levels displace even more resources with a reliability role. • Thermal capacity decreases with higher shares of V2G as the ability to selectively discharge vehicles changes the economics of reliability, reducing the need for thermal capacity as a reliability resource. • Long-duration storage is a costly means of providing reliability, and high levels of V2G reduce the deployment of this resource. VGI’s flexibility decreases storage and thermal build, changing the economic mix of renewables