page 9 Implications from the study’s findings • Utilities: VGI can significantly reduce distribution-level peak demand—by over 25% for residential customers by 2045—lowering distribution costs and mitigating rate increases that would occur without VGI. • Regulators: To maximize benefits, VGI must be fully integrated into resource and distribution planning, and early investments are needed to support large- scale deployment. • Investors: The long-run value of V2G lies in displacing reliability resources; successful investments will integrate software, hardware, and program design to enable this reliability role. • Policymakers: VGI is vital for the long-term success of California’s energy policy by controlling costs. Early investments in the technology through expanded pilots, additional incentives, and R&D will pay dividends for California ratepayers.