page 27 • For the set of scenarios where half of the eligible light-duty EV load participates in VGI, 2045 savings for CA range from $4B/yr to $10B/yr ($503- $1,177 per vehicle) • These savings represent 3.2% to 4.4% of total energy system costs for the state. • Savings increase with higher levels of V2G participation for a given level of VGI. V2G captures the benefits of V1G-optimized charging and the ability to discharge. • Going from the 50% V1G scenario to the 50% V2G more than doubles savings Smart charging half of eligible VGI load saves $500 per vehicle in 2045, V2G yields greater savings