page 4 • Battery Degradation: The gradual reduction in a battery’s capacity due to charging and discharging cycles. V2G participation may slightly accelerate battery wear but can be managed through proper incentives. • Bulk System Costs: The total expenses related to electricity generation, transmission, and large-scale storage, which VGI can help reduce by optimizing charging behavior and potentially discharging. • California Energy Commission (CEC): The state agency responsible for energy planning, research, and policy development. The CEC oversees a number of VGI programs along with related infrastructure funding and charging standards. • Charging Profile: A pattern of when and how an EV charges, often influenced by TOU rates, driver behavior, and grid conditions. • Constrained Optimization: A modeling approach that optimizes charging and discharging while considering grid limitations, customer preferences, and cost trade-offs. • EnergyPATHWAYS: A demand-side stock-rollover model used to project energy demand and decarbonization pathways based on technology adoption and policy changes. • Feeder: A distribution circuit that delivers electricity from substations to end users. In this study, different feeder types (residential, commercial, industrial) are analyzed for their impact on VGI. • Load Shifting: A strategy where EV charging is delayed or advanced to match grid needs, reducing peak demand and making better use of renewable energy. Glossary of key terms