Best-in-Class Framework for Exploring Long-Term Energy Futures Energy PATHWAYS model used Demand-Side to develop demand-side cases Sectors • Apply fuel switching and energy efficiency levers Residential Commercial Industry Transportation • Strategies vary by end-use (residential space heating to heavy-duty trucks) Regional Investment Supply-side and Operations (RIO Model provides cost-optimal energy supply Electricity Pipeline Gas Refined Solid Fuels combining a comprehensive supply-side capacity Liquid Fuels expansion framework with hourly system operations Hydrogen CCUS Industrial Heat © 2024 by Evolved Energy Research 4